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POUR UN MONDE MEILLEUR, JUSTE ET EQUITABLE!!!
POUR UN MONDE MEILLEUR, JUSTE ET EQUITABLE!!!
Peine de mort et réligion
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Death penalty and religion
Automatically translated into English thanks to WorldLingo
Is the death penalty as old as L? does history of our companies, this say its abolition is a very recent subject in L? history of L? humanity and even more in that of the religions. Precisely compared to does the religions, one retain that its expression first was quite simply revenge that L? one can find in certain codes of laws as the retaliation of which it is refers in the coran for example. To present a subject requires the definition of the key concepts.
Thus, if the death penalty is D? after various legal systems the ultimate sanction for very serious facts, the religion as for it can be defined like a system of beliefs and practices which, in the respect of the veneration, connects Men between them and with a nonsignificant authority and gives direction to L? subjective existence. In L? objective to give to some brief replies to the questionings on certain religions (the most known and the most practised I L? hope) and death penalty, we will develop our topic through three parts: I) Islam and death penalty, II) death penalty and Christianity finally death penalty and other religions.
I. ISLAM AND DEATH PENALTY
position of the Moslems vis-a-vis the death penalty cannot be included/understood that within the framework of their concept of right. Does the Moslem right start from L? is idea what the law decided by God and is transmitted by his messengers to guide L? do humanity, in this respect the Moslems estimate that L? man is unable to decide what is licit and what is illicit. Only God can do it. Is this marked in considering universal Islamique declaration of the rights of L? man promulgated in 1981 by the Islamique council which states:
Forts of our faith which the fact that God is the sovereign Master of any thing in this immediate life as in the ultimate life?
Forts of our conviction that L? is human intelligence unable D? to work out the best way for D? to ensure the service of the life without God not guiding it and does not ensure revelation to him:
Us Moslem? we proclaim this statement made in the name of L? Islam, of the rights of L? man such as L? one can deduce them from very noble Coran and very pure prophetic Tradition (SUNNAH).
This fact L? application of the rules of the Moslem right is founded on Coran and Sunna which form Sharia together. Which are the sanctioned offences of the death penalty Sharia?
A- FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE CORAN:
Although Coran insists on the respect of the life it considers nevertheless the death penalty for a certain number of offences. For the Moslems, the hudud (or terminals) i.e. penal provisions of Sharia by giving right measurement to the pain tested at the time of the loss D? a expensive being, victim D? another constitute a reasonable and balanced right. Are the punished offences of death penalty in Coran inter alia (list N? is not exhaustive):
? L? voluntary manslaughter: in case D? voluntary manslaughter, Coran gives to having the right the possibility of being avenged on the culprit pursuant to the law of retaliation: verse 5: 32
? Armed robbery and armed insurrection: verse 5: 32 and verse 5: 33: 34 “the remuneration of those which guerroient against God and his envoy and which S? hasten to corrupt on the ground, C? is qu? they are killed or crucifiés?
? Adultery: verse 4: 15-16, those of your wives who practise turpitude, make testify in their opposition four among you. S? they testify, retain them in the houses jusqu? so that death recalls them or that God makes for it another way.
? Sorcery: according to verse 2: 102 of Coran, the death penalty is envisaged against the wizard because this last is regarded as a non-believer.
B- FROM does the POINT OF VIEW Of the SUNNA
the SUNNA constitute L? together gestures of the Prophet, like his remarks, consigned in briefs accounts called Hadith: this qu? made or says Muhammad in such circumstance will have consequently force D? example if not of law. According to this other source of Sharia, the death penalty is applied for the offences hereafter:
? Apostasy: C? is the fact D? to give up the Islamic religion. The capital punishment against this offence is envisaged not in the coran, but in the SUNNA of Mahomet which would have said: “That which changes its religion, kill it”. This offence is imprescriptible and cannot make L? object of grace on behalf of the authorities. Only can the repentance make avoid with L? apostate D? to incur the death penalty. C? is under the terms of this standard that L? Imam Khomeiny emitted its fatwa of February 14, 1989 condemning Salman Rushdie after the publication of its book the satanic verses.
Also, according to an account of Mahomet: “It N? is not allowed to spread blood D? a Moslem that in three cases”:
? A Muhassan adultery which will be lapidated
? a man who kills another intentionally, which will be put at death
? An apostate (quelqu? one which gives up L? Islam).
In addition to does the offences expressly mentioned in Coran and the SUNNA, the Moslem right authorize L? application of the death penalty under the following conditions:
? Self-defence: does the Moslem right allow D? to make an attempt on the life D? others in the event of self-defence.
? Serious offences: L? Can State apply the death penalty as discrétionnaire punishment counters offences qu? it estimates rather serious like L? espionage. It can also L? to apply in the event of repetition for less serious offences like consumption D? alcohol, normally punished offence of scourging.
II. Are DEATH PENALTY AND CHRISTIANITY
the supreme punishment since the night of times the death penalty (Thus, the law of the retaliation, which consisted in punishing L? D offends? an identical sorrow, is as of the 18th century before J. - C. integrated into the Babylonian right.) But repression D passed gradually? a reflex of revenge to a rational and scientific organization. This advance S? is continued during long centuries with a continuous effort not to accuse but the acts more conflicting intolerable with the values morals and social recognized by the company. Throughout this combat, the policy and the monk were closely dependent.
A. DEATH PENALTY IN the OLD WILL
the fall hardly occurred (revolt against God) that the man expresses already his aggressiveness towards his similar. In his sin the man is against God, but also against his next who, carries the image of his Creator to him. The murder is thus primarily an action against God, but also against his next which, carries the image of its Creator to him. The murder is thus primarily an action against God, destroying of the image of God who is the next one.

1- Caïn
the act of violence of Caïn is in direct connection with its refusal to adore God in way which is pleasant for him. The murder emerges at the time when it moved away from the faith as a God and the repentance (Gn. 4.6-7 ; cf. 1 Jn 3.12) [...]. The characteristic of this account of the first murder of the history of the men, it is that it is not pronounced of death penalty; but God curses Caïn. God known as: “You are cursed ground which opened the mouth to collect your hand the blood of your brother” (4.11). [...] Pourtant Caïn, after its fatal act, is aware that it must seek refuge to avoid being there in its subjected turn (Gn 4.13).
Which is the direction of the divine protection which is granted to him?
It is difficult to solve the question. Would God tolerate the crime? One cannot remove the life by revenge [...]. Ultimement, God is the supreme Judge, That which gives the life and which can pronounce the death sentence. It is slow with anger, and the man can act in this field only with one extreme precaution. It is advisable to point out that we cannot conclude starting from this incident which he is illegitimate to pronounce the death penalty in all the cases.
2- The declaration of Genesis 9.6
Which pours the blood of the man, by the man will see his versed blood;
because with the image of God, God made the man.
[...] The text of noachic alliance (Gn 8.21 to 9.17) relates to the re-establishment about Creation after the cosmic crisis of the flood. The characteristic of this alliance, it is that it does not touch with the aspect redeemer of the history, but with the order general of the world. A certain permanence is implied in as long as the ground will last (8.22). [...] One can inférer not only that the conditions of noachic alliance re-establish what already existed as of the beginning, but also that these facts will be repealed only at the time of the end of Creation. The words of Gn 9.6 have a rooting in the order of Creation and a validity which persists in the field of the general life of the world.
[...] Even after the Fall, the man is the image of God and, for this reason even, its life has a character of inviolability which is of divine origin. The man who kills removes another him the life, but, by doing this, it destroys the image of God according to whom this man was created [...].
3- Does the justice of God vis-a-vis the murder
But how God require counts? Can one say that our text institutes the death penalty? Let us notice that it marks two distinct points: on the one hand, the single value of the human life abolished by a murder, and, on the other hand, instrumentality of the man in the remuneration of this violent act: “by the man his versed blood” [...] will see. It is neither about revenge, nor of revenge, but only of what is precisely asked by divine justice because of the irrevocability of the committed crime.
For much, one knows it, the death penalty can justify oneself only if it effectively discourages the attacks against the life. The text of the Genesis hardly gives importance to this kind of consideration. If the protection of the life is in sight here, any idea of utility effectiveness misses. What is central, it is the idea of a justice sanctioned by God.
4- The Decalogue
Another passage of Pentateuque which must stop to us is the sixth command of the Decalogue: “You will not kill” (e.g. 20 :13). The first question which installation is to know if there is contradiction between this command (which belongs to mosaic alliance) and the passage of Genesis 9.6. [...]
The homicide which is proscribed in Ex 30 is with the very precise direction of the term a murder (ratsah), premeditated or not. When it is a question of indicating the execution according to a legitimate lawsuit, or the act of killing an enemy in battle, other expressions are employed in Hebrew. [...]
The death penalty is the result of the sin, but in oneself it does not constitute a sin. It is true that any punishment constitutes an evil, because it goes in the direction of the “wages of the sin”. The execution is thus an evil, but as a punishment, it is not sinned in oneself. If it were the case, God himself would be sinning by carrying out the judgement.
5- The death penalty in the law of Brace
In the law of Brace, the death penalty applies to many infringements of the law: murder, adulterous, idolatry, faults against the family, sodomy, abduction, false evidence, human sacrifice, etc [...] The punishment does not constitute a revenge; it is the consequence of the sin against God.
[...] In Israel, we notice in the beginning the absence of a system penitentiary (the city of refuge was not a prison!). This is interesting to note vis-a-vis the problem of the prisons in the modern society. The punishment, according to the mosaic law, functioned by a system of restitution.
We can thus retain, with regard to the death penalty, which there is a continuity between alliances noachic and mosaic. Both have a function different belonging one to the field of the man in general and the other with the particular field of the history of the hello. However, the data of Genesis 9, with regard to the murder, although pertaining to noachic alliance, find their place in a more explicit way in alliance of grace than God gave to Israel by the ministry of Brace.
B. The DEATH PENALTY IN the NEW WILL
As regards the New Will, two questions arise relating to the death penalty: new alliance does it abolish alliance with Noah on the one hand, and that with Moïse on the other hand? [...]
In the New Will, it does not have there radical rupture between Création and Redemption, nor between the alliance of Noah and new alliance. Indeed, Christ, at the time to carry out new alliance, informs one of her disciples in the direction of Genesis 9.6 that even its disciples if they “take the sword, will perish by the sword” (MT 26.52).
Each one knows that Christ does not abolish the law, but that it achieves it. Christ himself accepts the death penalty on the cross by undergoing the right judgement of God against the sin of her people. Thus, it achieves the purification by its blood poured for us. Christianity, it should not be forgotten, is in its major direction, a religion based on a death penalty. Christ “was struck by God and was humiliated… the Lord made fall down on him the perversity of us all” (Es 53.4-6).
Does this death penalty abolish the others? The New Will does not give a direct answer to this question. In the teaching of Jesus and Paul, the negative aspect of the sixth command is reformulated in a positive way in MT 5..21-26 and Rm 12.8-9

1 - the death penalty and the love of next
the following argument is very often advanced: the love of the next one, which is the positive contents of the law, must cancel the idea of the death penalty. The difficulty in this way of seeing consists of what it supposes an opposition between the love and justice [...]. However the love of God does not exclude his justice. Is [...] God loving the men made unable to be the judge of the men? [...] If the love of God does not exclude the justice (of the death penalty) does our love have to be other than a love which is expressed by reference to justice? For this reason, it seems to to me very hazardous to propose that the principle of love must de facto (and in all the cases) eliminate the death penalty.
2- The sword of the Paul
magistrate, in Rm 13.4, known as that “it is not in vain that the magistrate carries the sword” (will machaïra). It is difficult to avoid the fact that the sword in the New Will is frequently an instrument of execution [...]. It is known as that the authorities established by God are maidservants of God 1…].
It is as “a servant of God” that the civil authority carries the sword. Le glaive n'est ni symbole, ni moyen d'intimidation psychologique, mais instrument de la punition. (...) L'autorité a le droit de juger les infractions contre le bien public, sans pourtant porter atteinte à la liberté de conscience de l'individu.
L'apôtre semble indiquer que l'autorité civile peut (il ne dit pas doit) utiliser le glaive dans la punition, mais que cette possibilité ne justifie jamais l'abus, par lequel elle renoncerait au service du bien. L'abus de la peine de mort serait son application à des cas autres que celui du meurtre prémédité sans circonstances atténuantes [...). Si dans Rm 13, Paul indique théoriquement quelle est l'autorité du magistrat, dans Actes 25.11, il met en pratique ce qu'il enseigne. Ainsi montre-t-il son attitude personnelle vis-à-vis de la peine de mort. Devant Festus, il déclare : « Si vraiment je suis coupable, si j'ai commis quelque crime qui mérite la mort, je ne prétends pas me soustraire à la mort. » [...]
C. QUELQUES REMARQUES POUR CONCLURE
? II semblerait à première vue que le Nouveau Testament ne nous a pas fait beaucoup avancer par rapport à l'Ancien en ce qui concerne la peine de mort : c'est peut-être ce fait (ainsi qu'une certaine attitude envers l'Ancien Testament) qui empêche qu'il y ait unanimité entre les chrétiens sur la question. Ceux d'entre eux qui sont opposés à la peine de mort estiment que si elle est admissible dans l'Ancienne Alliance, elle ne l'est plus dans la Nouvelle qui repose sur l'amour [...). Jésus n'abolit pas le 6ème commandement, il en radicalise même la portée lorsqu'il déclare : « Vous avez entendu qu'il a été dit aux anciens : Tu ne tueras point... mais moi je vous dis que quiconque dira à son frère : Insensé ! mérite d'être puni par le feu de la géhenne ». (Mt 5.21-22). Nous sommes donc tous sans exception, en un sens, dignes de la peine de mort ! Car le meurtre est dans nos c?urs à tous sous la forme de la haine, comme l'adultère l'est sous la forme de la convoitise. [...]
? La nouvelle alliance a été accomplie en Christ sur la base de l'ancienne, dans le contexte de l'ordre créé et re-institué du monde (Gn 1-3 ; 8.20 ; 9.17). Ainsi, dans le Nouveau Testament, la peine de mort n'existe-t-elle plus (comme c'est le cas dans la loi de Moïse) pour des infractions contre la pureté du culte (idolâtrie, blasphème), ni pour des péchés touchant aux actes sexuels associés au don de la vie (Jésus a institué le divorce dans le cas d'adultère - Mt 5.31-32 ; 19.9 - remplaçant ainsi la peine mosaïque). Ces fautes, qui avaient un sens religieux dans la société théocratique de l'ancien Israël, ont un sens tout différent dans un système où le royaume de Dieu ne s'identifie plus au royaume civil.
? Le domaine de la sainteté de la vie fait exception. Son élément « religieux » particulier demeure constant [...] car l'homme en tant que tel est une créature à l'image du Créateur. Ceci est inaliénable. [...] On peut donc dire que le meurtre prémédité et conscient est le cas où peut se prononcer une peine de mort, sans ajouter pour autant que, dans tous les cas, il faille qu'il en soit ainsi. La tâche de juger sera délicate, les abus doivent être rigoureusement écartés, l'accusé doit bénéficier du doute si sa culpabilité n'est pas clairement démontrée, mais le principe en jeu doit être reconnu pour vraiment maintenir la dignité de l'homme [...].
? On s'étonne que dans les discussions sur la peine de mort, les partisans de son abolition ne fassent presque jamais allusion à Gn 9.6. [...] Dire « II n'appartient pas aux hommes de fixer le moment de la mort d'une créature humaine » est difficilement compatible avec ce texte. [...]
? Quant à l'argument contre la peine de mort fondé sur l'espérance du repentir du criminel, c'est là quelque chose qui fait appel à nos sentiments de façon puissante ! [...] Qu'il nous soit permis de demander en quoi consiste la vraie dignité de l'homme : est-ce de faire face à un jugement justement prononcé, c'est-à-dire de regarder la mort en face, ou est-ce de subir une dégradation progressive qui le réduit à l'état d'un animal en cage tout en l'affligeant « à perpétuité » du souvenir d'un crime ? A chacun de choisir sa réponse à cette question, difficile et stimulante.
III. PEINES DE MORT ET AUTRES GRANDES RELIGIONS
A. JUDAISME
Selon l'Ancien testament, meurtres, sacrilège, idôlatrie, débauche, adultère sont punis de mort. Cette peine apparaît cependant comme si répugnante qu'elle est effacée des statuts judaïques dès l'an 30 de notre ère. Aujourd'hui des voix critiques s'élèvent dans la communauté. En 1980, des organisations juives (Congrès juif mondial et associations de femmes) ont adressé à l'ONU une déclaration commune en faveur de l'abolition.
En Israël, les rabbins, malgré leur répugnance à appliquer la peine de mort, se réservent néanmoins le droit d?utiliser son « pouvoir dissuasif », dans les cas où l?état de la société ou les circonstances particulières le justifient. Au cours du premier procès pour meurtre sous juridiction israélienne, les grands rabbins notifièrent au ministre de la Justice leur opposition à la peine de mort. Celle-ci fut finalement abolie en 1954 par la Loi de révision du code pénal. Néanmoins, la peine de mort est retenue dans le cadre de la Loi contre le génocide et contre les actes de trahison en temps de guerre. Le seul cas d?exécution dans l?histoire de l?état d?Israël est celui d?Adolf Eichmann, convaincu de génocide et pendu dans la prison de Ramleh en 1962. Cette exécution fera dire à Gershom Scholen (historien des religions, cité par Annette Wievorka, Le procès Eichmann, 1961) : « Ce n?est pas la force dissuasive de la pendaison appliquée à un scélérat inhumain qui pourrait empêcher pareilles catastrophes de se reproduire. Ce qui peut l?empêcher c?est une nouvelle éducation des hommes et des nations, une nouvelle prise de conscience de l?humanité. »
B. BOUDHISME & HINDOUISME
Le bouddhisme, comme l?hindouisme, est foncièrement non-violent à ce titre, il ne prône pas l?application de la peine capitale, même si certaines pratiques peuvent faire penser le contraire. L?opposition du bouddhisme à toute forme de violence se reflète aussi bien dans les règles ou préceptes proposés à ceux qui veulent suivre le Bouddha que dans la pratique des grandes vertus bouddhistes telles la compassion, la patience, l?équanimité, la sagesse, etc. D?après le premier précepte, il faut s?abstenir de détruire la vie de tout être vivant. En affirmant son propre « soi » , l?individu écrase les autres et s?enfonce dans une ignorance qui le pousse à poser des actes égocentriques. D?après Dennis Gira, ces actes peuvent engendrer des effets négatifs en bloquant chaque individu dans le cycle des naissances et des morts dont tout homme est prisonnier. « Si l?homme ne purifie pas son mental, il est incapable, à cause de son ignorance et des passions qui en découlent, de vivre jusqu?au bout le respect radical pour la vie. En revanche, celui qui fait l?effort de vivre selon cette éthique et de purifier son mental approfondira tout naturellement sa sagesse et fera l?expérience d?un véritable bonheur. » Dès que l?individu aura saisi qu?il n?a pas d?existence propre, il comprendra que la souffrance de tout être est, d?une certaine manière, sa propre souffrance. « L?homme comprend, en bref, que faire violence à autrui, c?est se faire violence à lui-même. C?est la véritable raison de l?opposition à la peine de mort. Tuer intentionnellement cet »autre« c?est, quelque part, se tuer soi-même. »
Le bouddhisme est composé de nombreux courants. L?un d?eux, la secte Otani, a, par le passé, demandé la suspension des exécutions, mais jusqu?à présent, aucune secte bouddhiste traditionnelle n?a demandé publiquement l?abolition de la peine de mort.
En 1999, la secte bouddhiste Tendai, a lancé, au Japon, un appel en faveur de l?abolition de la peine de mort au profit de l?adoption de l?emprisonnement à vie sans possibilité de libération conditionnelle, d?une meilleure aide aux familles de victimes et davantage d?enseignement religieux.
? Isaac DEMBELE
? Eric DOMBOU
? Rogatien EFUR
? Marie DIOP

August 29, 2008 | 4:36 PM Comments  0 comments

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